Report of a case of grey matter heterotopia combined with epilepsy due to TUBB2B gene variant and review of literature / 中华神经科杂志

Objective:To report the clinical phenotype and mutation site of a patient with grey matter heterotopia caused by a de novo heterozygous missense mutation in the TUBB2B gene, and to expand the phenotypic and mutational spectrum of TUBB2B mutations. Methods:One patient with TUBB2B mutation who presented to the Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University in July 2017 was collected and analyzed for clinical features and mutation site, and a review of previous studies was performed. Results:The male patient started at the age of 18 and presented mainly with seizures, poor left-handed fine motor skills and poor spatial imagination. Magnetic resonance imaging showed nodular grey matter heterotopia in the right cerebral hemisphere, right frontoparietal-temporal localized cerebral gyrus, and cerebral sulcus shallow flat.The whole exon gene test suggested a heterozygous missense mutation in the TUBB2B gene: c.776 C>T (p.Pro259Leu), which was wild-type in both of his parents. The mutation site was located between the tubulin and tubulin-c structural domains and did not affect the function of the essential structural domain. After treatment with magnesium valproate in combination with levetiracetam, the patient′s seizure symptoms were significantly controlled and he has been seizure-free for 3 years now. Conclusions:The TUBB2B gene c.776 C>T (p.Pro259Leu) heterozygous missense mutation is a novel missense mutation causing grey matter heterotopia. The patient had a good prognosis, and the combination of two antiepileptic drugs resulted in complete seizure control.

A case of mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration caused by C19orf12 p.Gly58Ser mutation / 中华神经科杂志

Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) is a group of rare genetic diseases of nervous system. NBIA is characterized by varying degrees of abnormal iron metabolism and excessive iron deposition in brain tissue. The most common symptoms of NBIA are extrapyramidal symptoms. NBIA can also be associated with varying degrees of dysfunction of the pyramidal tract, cerebellum, peripheral nervous system, autonomic nervous system, mental cognition and vision functions. A patient with NBIA admitted to the Department of Neurology of Xijing Hospital in December 2020 was collected and analyzed for clinical features. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was employed to gene mutation screening, and pathogenicity analysis was performed according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guideline. The patient was a 13-year-old male with a chronic course of disease that began at the age of 4. The first symptom was spastic gait. With the progress of the disease, the patient developed mental retardation, arrhythmia, coughing from drinking water and loss of vision. Magnetic resonance imaging of the head showed atrophy of the optic nerve and hypointensity signal in bilateral substantia nigra and globus pallidus on T 2WI, fluid attenuated inversion recovery sequency, diffusion weighted imaging and susceptibility weighted imaging without "tiger eye sign" which was commonly found in pantothenate kinase associated neurodegeneration. The homozygous mutation c.172G>A (p.Gly58Ser) was found through WES. The proband′s father and mother are cousins (inbreeding), carried heterozygous variation of this locus. This novel mutation was not reported in mutation database. According to ACMG guideline, C19orf12 gene c.172G>A (p.Gly58Ser) was identified for possible pathogenic mutations. The conservative prediction of this locus suggests high conservatism. The final diagnosis of the patient was mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration (MPAN,NBIA type 4). This finding enriched the known mutation database of MPAN and provided a basis for further study of the disease.

Analysis of three patients with KBG syndrome and epileptic seizures due to variants of ANKRD11 gene / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To summarize the clinical phenotype and genotypic characteristics of 3 patients with KBG syndrome and epileptic seizure.@*METHODS@#Clinical data of the patients were collected. Family-trio whole exon sequencing (WES) was carried out. Candidate variants were verified by Sanger sequencing.@*RESULTS@#Patients 1 and 2 were boys, and patient 3 was an adult woman. All patients had epileptic seizures and mental deficiency. Their facial features included triangular face, low hair line, hypertelorism, large forward leaning auricles, broad nasal bridge, upturned nostrils, long philtrum, arched upper lip, and macrodontia. The two boys also had bilateral Simian creases. WES revealed that the three patients all harbored heterozygous de novo frameshift variants in exon 9 of the ANKRD11 gene including c.2948delG (p.Ser983Metfs*335), c.5397_c.5398insC (p.Glu1800Argfs*150) and c.1180_c.1184delAATAA (p.Asn394Hisfs*42). So far 291 patients with ANKRD11 gene variants or 16q24.3 microdeletions were reported, with over 75% being de novo mutations.@*CONCLUSION@#Above findings have enriched the spectrum of ANKRD11 gene mutations underlying KBG syndrome. WES is helpful for the early diagnosis of KBG, and provided reference for genetic counseling of this disease.

A case of leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter confirmed by gene report reinterpretation / 中华神经科杂志

Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter (VWM) is one of the most prevalent inherited childhood white-matter disorders, and the pathogenic gene has been confirmed as EIF2B gene. VWM is characterized by chronic progressive neurological deterioration with cerebellar ataxia, usually less prominent spasticity and relatively mild mental decline. There are episodes of rapid and major neurological deterioration provoked by stresses, such as fever, minor physical trauma and acute fright, which is a characteristic clinical feature of VWM. Brain magnetic resonance imaging findings are diagnostic in almost all patients,and the disappearance of the cerebral white matter occurs in a diffuse "melting away" pattern. The onset of VWM can be at any age from fetal stage to adult stage, and the clinical phenotypes vary immensely. Gene diagnosis is the golden standard for VWM. This article reported a patient with a course of 17 years, who was misdiagnosed as Wilson′s disease because of low serum ceruloplasmin, and was finally diagnosed as VWM by reinterpretation of whole exome sequencing, which is worthy of clinicians′ vigilance and consideration.

New variants in FLNA gene cause periventricular nodular heterotopia and epileptic seizure in three cases / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the genetic bases of 3 patients with periventricular nodular heterotopia and epileptic seizure.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of three patients presenting with periventricular nodular ectopic with epileptic seizure were analyzed. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed on the patients, and Sanger sequencing was used to validate the suspected variants.@*RESULTS@#In three female patients, head MRI showed nodular gray matter ectopic in the bilateral ventricle. WES identified the heterozygous c.2720del T(p.Leu907Argfs*39) variant of FLNA gene in case 1 and her mother (case 2), and heterozygous c.1387_1390del GTGC(p.Val463Profs*34) of FLNA gene in case 3. According to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics standards and guidelines, the c.2720delT(p.Leu907Argfs*39) and c.1387_1390del GTGC (p.Val463Profs*34) variants of FLNA gene were predicted to be pathogenic (PVS1+PM2+PP1) and likely pathogenic(PVS1+PM2), respectively.@*CONCLUSION@#The c.2720delT(p.Leu907Argfs*39) and c.1387_1390del GTGC(p.Val463Profs*34) variants of FLNA gene may be the genetic cause of the three patients.

mTOR signaling pathway abnormality and epilepsy / 中华神经科杂志

Mammalian/mechanistic targets of rapamycin (mTOR) consist in two functional complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, which modulate the essential physical process in organism through responding to growth factor, glutamine, neurotransmitter and so on. Overaction of mTOR pathway in the central nervous system is responsible for epilepsy. The article reviews the existing reports to analyze and conclude the phenotypes of the mTOR related epilepsies as well as the likely mechanism, and to provide reference for the diagnosis and treatment of mTOR related epilepsy.

Inhibitory effect of 5-FU and cisplatinmediated by miR-449b on the migration of HCC cells / 基础医学与临床

Objective To investigate the impact of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin on miR-449b expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and elucidate the molecular mechanism of 5-FU and cisplatin inhibiting the migration of HCC cells.Methods Real-time qPCR analysis was conducted to determine the expression of miR-449b in 50 HCC tissues.RT-PCR assay was performed to detect the expression of miR-449b in HCC cells with 5-FU and cisplatin treatment.The migration of HCC cells with the overexpression of miR-449b was determined by wound-healing assay;Rescue assay was employed to investigate the correlation between 5-FU & cisplatin, miR-449b and the migration capacity of HCC cells;The putative targets of miR-449b were predicted and validated using target prediction programs and immunoblots.Results The expression of miR-449b decreased in HCC tissues (P<0.0001).miR-449b expression increased in HCC cells upon the treatment of 5-FU and cisplatin (P<0.001).The overexpression of miR-449b inhibited the migration of HCC cells (P<0.001).Rescue assay revealed that inhibition of miR-449b to prevent 5-FU and cisplatin induction resulted in suppressed migration in SMMC7721 cells(P<0.05).Catenin-δ was a functional target of miR-449b.Conclusions 5-FU and cisplatin inhibit the migration of HCC cells at least partly via inducing the expression of miR-449b.

Proteomic Characterization of Human Erythrocyte 20S Proteasome and Analysis of Species-dependent 20S Proteasome Heterogeneity / 分析化学

A method was developed for purification of 20S proteasome (20S core particle, CP) by combining differential centrifugations with nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (native-PAGE), irrespective of species origins of CPs. CP purified from human erythrocytes was subjected to proteomic analysis by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), revealing 33 spots of subunit isoforms with different molecular weights and isoelectric points, more than 14 constituent subunits. Furthermore, other four CPs were purified from yeast, mouse liver, two pancreatic cancer cell lines SW1990 and PANC-1 using this method mentioned above, and subjected to proteasome heterogeneity analysis by native/SDS-PAGE (native/sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis), together with CP from erythrocytes. The method described acts as a rapid and effective tool for CP isolations, and the results obtained may be served as a footstone for the investigations of species-dependent proteasome heterogeneity.

Exploring a New Gene Containing ACP Like Domain in HumanBrain and Expression It in E. coli / 生物化学与生物物理进展

To look for new genes from human brain, get a fragment was obtained using adaptor primer and 3' anchor polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the human adult whole brain cDNA as template. The fragment was cloned into T easy vector and automatically sequenced with 310 Genetic Analyzer. Later the whole length cDNA of this novel gene was got with the method of 3'rapid amplification of cDNA end (RACE). The whole length of cDNA of this novel gene is 2 024 bp. Chromsome location is at 14q11.2 including 16 extrons and 15 introns. After scanning the sequence against GenBank it is proved that the sequence is a new one. ORF analysis showed that there is a complete coding region in it,it can interprate a protein containing 357 amino acid residules. ProDom analysis result showed that there is an acyl carrier protein (ACP) like domain in it. The gene was banked into GenBank. Then, a pare of primers were designed and were used to amplify the coding region and cloned into pGEX-4T1 expressing vector to express it in E. coli . The Dot blotting and Northern blot showed that this novel gene is highly expressed in the normal adult human brain.

THE POSSIBLE MUTAGENESIS OF SEVERAL MALE ANTIFERTILITY AGENTS IN SPERM HEAD ANOMALIES / 解剖学报

Mutagenesis of several male contraceptives in sperm bead anomalies was investigated. Results show that glycosides of tripterygium wilfordii hook (GTW) and its monomer T13, microwave induce sperm head anomalies. However, gossypol and monomer T4 and GTW do not induce sperm head anomalies. Adult male mice and rats were given orally GTW, monomer T4, T13 and gossypol. These chemical agents were delivered in 1% methylcellulose. Result indicated that frequency of abnormal sperm heads in GTW, T13 groups were significantly increased, while frequency of abnormal sperm heads in T4 and gossypol-treated animals were similar to that of normal controls. When male mice were exposed to microwaves of 0.5 kW for 1-2 min, for five weeks abnormal shape of spermatozoa could be found.